Useful Constants

$\oplus$=Earth, $\odot$=Sun, M$_{\oplus}$=6.0 $\times 10^{24}$kg, R$_{\oplus}$=6.4 $\times 10^{3\mbox{ }}$km

M$_{\odot}$=2.0 $\times 10^{30}$kg, R$_{\odot}$=7$\times 10^{5}$km T$_{\odot}$=5800 K, L$_{\odot}$=4 $\times 10^{26}$W

solar constant = 1400 W/m$^{2}$ h $=6.63 \times 10^{-34}$J s

G=6.67 $\times 10^{-11}~\frac{\mbox{m}^{3}}{\mbox{kg~s}^2}$ $\sigma =5.67\times 10^{-8}\frac{\mbox{W}}{\mbox{m}^{2}\cdot \mbox{K}^{4}}$

1 A.U.=1.5$\times 10^{8}$km, c=3 $\times 10^{8}m/s$, D$_{Jupiter}$=1.4 $\times 10^{5}$km

Distance from Earth to Moon: d=3.84$\times 10^{5}$km

N=kg$\cdot$ m/s $^{2}\hspace{0.3in}$W=J/s $\hspace{0.3in}$J=N$\cdot$m=kg$% \cdot$m$^{2}/$s$^{2}$ 1 km = 1000 m 1 Mpc= 1$\times10^6$ pc
1 pc= 3.09 $\times 10^{13}$ km 1 pc = 3.3 l.y.

$1 \mu m =1\times 10^{-6}~m$ 1 nm= $1\times 10^{-9}$ m